Which condition may be caused by repetitive stress on the vertebrae?

Spondylolysis, retrolisthesis, and spondylolisthesis are all conditions that can arise from repetitive stress on the vertebrae, but they do so in different ways.

Spondylolysis is a defect or stress fracture that typically occurs in a specific part of the vertebra called the pars interarticularis, often due to repetitive hyperextension activities such as those seen in gymnastics or football. This is a common cause of lower back pain in young athletes and is directly linked to repetitive stress.

Retrolisthesis refers to a condition where one vertebra slips backward in relation to the vertebra below it. This can be influenced by repeated stress or trauma that weakens the supporting structures of the spine, leading to instability and the subsequent displacement of the vertebra.

Spondylolisthesis, which involves the forward slippage of one vertebra over another, can also be the result of repetitive stress over time, resulting in degeneration of the spine. The mechanics of repeated load and stress can lead to this condition as wear and tear affects the structures that stabilize the vertebrae.

Given that all of these conditions can be formed as a consequence of repetitive stress on the vertebrae, the correct